Equipment in Arusha Region

Internet publications catalog translations of publications from the social network for scientists ResearchGate and from other open Internet sources We conducted structured electronic searches in peer-reviewed journals using PubMed, Econlit, Embase, Business Source Complete, up to May 2012, which reported the impact of pricing policies, drug links, drug availability, key research elements such as inquiry, subject comparability and measuring the end results. Our e-search strategy included medical subject headings and pharmaceutical-related keywords (for example, "economics, pharmaceuticals", "drug use" or "charges, pharmaceuticals"), health policies (for example, "government policy regulation in health "," health policy "), and policy analysis (eg," health economics "," cost and cost analysis "), in addition to those specifically related to price reference by name (" price reference " , “reference price”, “drug price guide”) Search terms have been adjusted for each database, while maintaining the overall overall architecture. Using predefined inclusion and exc Medical Supplies & Equipment in Arusha Region lusion criteria and abstracts were used to identify potentially relevant articles. We extracted published versions of all articles and revised our bibliography to identify additional relevant studies. The review was limited to papers that assessed the implementation of baseline price policies for either specific or all classes of medicines within the health system, resulting from studies that evaluated incremental changes in baseline price policies. In addition, we excluded studies in which (1) did not assess the impact of drug pricing policy, (2) did not provide baseline data, or (3) were judged by us as not of interest. Population study data and characteristics, results and study quality were extracted from each article using a standard protocol and reporting form. Specific information collected includes design study and analysis (i.e., cohort, cross-sectional, randomized control trial), policy development (i.e. how the price of targeted drugs is set), patient sample (i.e. national, provincial, private ), drug classes, date of sale, and results. The study results were divided into 3 groups: (1) drug prices, (2) usage, switching and compliance, and (3) costs and resource consumption. At the same time, they are not explicitly presented, we calculated the percentage change in spending and / or savings of the population based on the published results. Study quality was assessed with the Agency for Health and Research Quality (AHRQ) 13 tools to rank observational cohort studies. The study quality score from each study was calculated as a proportion of the total number of points obtained by each paper. Studies were scored with a maximum of 9 points, 1 for each study domain where the assessment was made and the results discussed. Our searches resulted in 16 studies describing 9 reference pricing policies from 6 countries (Figure 1) [8], [9], [14-28] All studies have been published in the last decade. Of the policies surveyed, 1 was applied regionally in British Columbia, Canada, 2 were applied in private employer-funded health plans (1 in Canada and 1 in the United States), and the rest were implemented nationally in Germany, Norway and Spain (table 1). The 9 policy covers 2 types of base prices, "generic base prices" and "therapeutic base prices." Four out of 9 policies (ranked in 5 out of 16 studies) referred to generic baseline prices, and another 5 (11 out of 16 studies) related to therapeutic baseline prices. The generic baseline price (or "maximum allowable cost") includes only generic drugs within a specified therapeutic class while the therapeutic baseline price (or “therapeutic maximum allowable value") refers to all eligible products, onand outside of the patent, within the limits therapeutic class. In Germany, the Committee of healthcare providers and sickness funds, with the participation of manufacturers, decides how drugs should be grouped and sets benchmark prices. Reference prices have always been below the price of the highest value product in the group and above the bottom third of the market price. [14] Norway and Spain follow similar practices and manufacturers may adjust their product prices in response. Norway's national referencing pricing policies have since been canceled due to savings in costs that were not as great as expected. [15] Regulators in British Columbia, Canada, select specific products to be compared drugs, rather than set a base https://jiji.co.tz/arusha/medical-equipment